Marine litter in the West Coast of Amuay Bay, Falcón State (Venezuela)

La basura marina corresponde a cualquier material sólido exógeno que persiste en el medio marino o en ambientes lacustres, afectando notablemente a los organismos acuáticos y terrestres. Es por ello que se considera como uno de los principales problemas de contaminación en la actualidad. En el presente trabajo se caracterizó la basura marina en el área de deflación (zonas supramareal e intermareal) de la costa Oeste de la bahía de Amuay, estado Falcón (Venezuela), mediante la recolección manual en siete jornadas realizadas entre septiembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. Los materiales recolectados fueron clasificados en nueve categorías: plástico, vidrio, cuerdas, escombros, metal, caucho, madera, textiles y otros, las cuales presentaron porcentajes de abundancia de: 20,4; 5,3; 10,9; 24,3; 21,9; 3,7; 4,3; 5,7 y 3,5; respectivamente. La tasa de generación anual fue de 10.586,6 Kg de residuos, con una alta diversidad de escombros (materiales de construcción, bloques, piedras, otros), metales (latas, recipientes, tapas, envases, láminas, otros) y plástico (botellas, envases, bolsas, anime, tapas, recipientes, otros). El plástico constituyó el material de mayor volumen e impacto visual. De manera global el grado de degradación fue bajo > medio > alto, lo cual denota que la basura marina de la costa Oeste de Amuay es de naturaleza reciente. Se requiere la implementación de planes de gestión de basura marina para minimizar los impactos ambientales que pueda provocar sobre los organismos acuáticos y terrestres; además, garantizar las condiciones favorables para el desarrollo de la recreación y el turismo.The marine litter corresponds to any exogenous solid material that persists in the marine environment or in lacustrine ecosystems, notably affecting aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This is considered as one of the main pollution problems at present. In the present work the characterization of marine debris in the deflation area (supratidal and intertidal zones) of the West coast of Amuay bay was performed, through manual collection in seven dates carried out between September 2015 and September 2016. The collected materials were classified into nine categories: plastic, glass, ropes, rubble, metal, rubber, wood, textiles and others, which presented abundance percentages of: 20.4; 5.3; 10.9; 24.3; 21.9; 3.7; 4.3; 5.7 and 3.5; respectively. The annual generation rate of solid wastes was of 10,586.6 Kg, with a high diversity of debris (building materials, blocks, stones, others), metals (cans, canisters, lids, containers, sheets, others) and plastic (bottles, containers, bags, expanded polystyrene, lids, vessel, others). The plastic constituted the material of greater volume and visual impact. On the other hand, the degree of degradation was low > medium > high, which indicates that the marine wastes from the Amuay bay are of a recent nature. The implementation of marine litter management plans is required to minimize the environmental impacts it may cause on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, in addition to guaranteeing favorable conditions for the development of recreation and tourism

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia

Effects of alirocumab on cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes after acute coronary syndrome in patients with or without diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomised controlled trial

Background After acute coronary syndrome, diabetes conveys an excess risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events. A reduction in mean LDL cholesterol to 1.4-1.8 mmol/L with ezetimibe or statins reduces cardiovascular events in patients with an acute coronary syndrome and diabetes. However, the efficacy and safety of further reduction in LDL cholesterol with an inhibitor of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) after acute coronary syndrome is unknown. We aimed to explore this issue in a prespecified analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial of the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab, assessing its effects on cardiovascular outcomes by baseline glycaemic status, while also assessing its effects on glycaemic measures including risk of new-onset diabetes

Apolipoprotein B, Residual Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Effects of Alirocumab.

Background: Apolipoprotein B (apoB) provides an integrated measure of atherogenic risk. Whether apoB levels and apoB lowering hold incremental predictive information on residual risk after acute coronary syndrome beyond that provided by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is uncertain. Methods: The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) compared the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite optimized statin therapy. Primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; coronary heart disease death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal/nonfatal ischemic stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina). Associations between baseline apoB or apoB at 4 months and MACE were assessed in adjusted Cox proportional hazards and propensity score–matched models. Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. In proportional hazards analysis in the placebo group, MACE incidence increased across increasing baseline apoB strata (3.2 [95% CI, 2.9–3.6], 4.0 [95% CI, 3.6–4.5], and 5.5 [95% CI, 5.0–6.1] events per 100 patient-years in strata 35–<50, and ≤35 mg/dL, respectively). Compared with propensity score–matched patients from the placebo group, treatment hazard ratios for alirocumab also decreased monotonically across achieved apoB strata. Achieved apoB was predictive of MACE after adjustment for achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not vice versa. Conclusions: In patients with recent acute coronary syndrome and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins, MACE increased across baseline apoB strata. Alirocumab reduced MACE across all strata of baseline apoB, with larger absolute reductions in patients with higher baseline levels. Lower achieved apoB was associated with lower risk of MACE, even after accounting for achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, indicating that apoB provides incremental information. Achievement of apoB levels as low as ≤35 mg/dL may reduce lipoprotein-attributable residual risk after acute coronary syndrome. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01663402.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01663402.URL: https://www